A MeerKAT Polarization Survey of Southern Calibration Sources

TL;DR

This study presents a comprehensive polarization survey of 98 calibration sources using MeerKAT, identifying suitable sources for calibration and analyzing polarization properties, including linear and circular polarization, across multiple frequencies.

Contribution

It provides the first full-Stokes polarization measurements of a large sample of MeerKAT calibration sources, identifying candidates for wide-band polarization calibration and analyzing instrumental effects.

Findings

71 sources show linear polarization above 0.2%

24% of sources exhibit circular polarization down to 0.07%

Polarization measurements agree well with NVSS and ATCA SPASS data

Abstract

We report on full-Stokes L-band observations of 98 MeerKAT calibration sources. Linear polarization is detected in 71 objects above a fractional level of 0.2\%. We identify ten sources with strong fractional linear polarization and low Faraday Rotation Measure that could be suitable for wide-band absolute polarization calibration. We detect significant circular polarization from 24\% of the sample down to a detection level of 0.07\%. Circularly polarized emission is seen only for flat spectrum sources $\alpha > -0.5$. We compare our polarized intensities and Faraday Synthesis results to data from the NVSS at 1400\,MHz and the ATCA SPASS survey at 2300\,MHz. NVSS data exists for 54 of our sources and SPASS data for 20 sources. The percent polarization and Rotation Measures from both surveys agree well with our results. The residual instrumental linear polarization for these observations is measured at 0.16\% and the residual instrumental circular polarization is measured at 0.05\%. These levels may reflect either instabilities in the relative bandpass between the two polarization channels with either time or antenna orientation, or atmospheric/ionospheric variations with pointing direction. Tracking of the hourly gain solutions on J0408-6545 after transfer of the primary gain solutions suggests a deterioration of the gain stability by a factor of several starting about two hours after sunrise. This suggests that observing during the nighttime could dramatically improve the precision of polarization calibration.