Percolating Cosmic String loops from evaporating primordial black holes

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel mechanism where primordial black holes locally reheat the universe, enabling the formation of cosmic string loops and networks without a global phase transition, potentially explaining gravitational wave signals.

Contribution

It introduces a new scenario where local black hole-induced reheating leads to cosmic string formation, bypassing the need for a universe-wide phase transition.

Findings

Primordial black holes can locally restore and break symmetries, forming cosmic strings.

String loops can be stretched and interact, leading to percolation and infinite networks.

This mechanism could produce observable gravitational wave backgrounds.

Abstract

The Pulsar timing data from NANOGrav Collaboration has regenerated interest in the possibility of observing stochastic gravitational wave background arising from cosmic strings. In the standard theory, the cosmic string network forms during spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) phase transition in the whole universe via the so called Kibble mechanism. This scenario would not be possible, e.g., in models of low energy inflation, where the reheat temperature is much lower than the energy scale of cosmic strings. We point out a very different possibility, where a network of even high energy scale cosmic strings can form when the temperature of the Universe is much lower. We consider local heating of plasma in the early universe by evaporating primordial black holes (PBHs). It is known that for suitable masses of PBHs, their Hawking radiation may re-heat the surrounding plasma to high temperatures, restoring certain symmetries {\it locally} which are broken at the ambient temperature at that stage. Expansion of the hot plasma cools it so that the {\it locally restored symmetry} is spontaneously broken again. If this SSB supports formation of cosmic strings, then string loops will form in this region around the PBH. Further, resulting temperature gradients lead to pressure gradients such that plasma develops radial flow with the string loops getting stretched as they get dragged by the flow. For a finite density of PBHs of suitable masses, one will get local hot spots, each one contributing to expanding cosmic string loops. For suitable PBH density, the loops from different regions may intersect. Intercommutation of strings can then lead to percolation, leading to the possibility of formation of infinite string network, even when the entire universe never goes through the respective SSB phase transition.