On the Pair-Instability Supernova origin of J1010+2358

TL;DR

This study reanalyzed the star J1010+2358 with high-resolution spectra, revealing it is not a pure pair-instability supernova remnant but likely resulted from a combination of supernova types, providing new insights into early universe chemical enrichment.

Contribution

The paper provides a revised analysis of J1010+2358, challenging previous PISN origin claims and proposing a mixed supernova origin based on detailed abundance measurements.

Findings

J1010+2358's C and Al abundances are higher than PISN predictions.

The star's chemical pattern is inconsistent with a pure 260 M$_ ext{sun}$ PISN origin.

A combination of a 13 M$_ ext{sun}$ core-collapse and a Pop III supernova best explains the data.

Abstract

The first (Pop III) stars formed only out of H and He and were likely more massive than present-day stars. Massive Pop III stars in the range 140-260 M$_\odot$ are predicted to end their lives as pair-instability supernovae (PISNe), enriching the environment with a unique abundance pattern, with high ratios of odd to even elements. Recently, the most promising candidate for a pure descendant of a zero-metallicity massive PISN (260 M$_{\odot}$) was discovered by the LAMOST survey, the star J1010+2358. However, the key elements to verify the high PISN contribution, C and Al, were missing from the analysis. To rectify this, we obtained and analyzed a high-resolution VLT/UVES spectrum, correcting for 3D and/or non-LTE effects. Our measurements of both C and Al give much higher values (~1 dex) than expected from a 260 M$_{\odot}$ PISN. Furthermore, we find significant discrepancies with the previous analysis, and therefore a much less pronounced odd-even pattern. Thus, we show that J1010+2358 cannot be a pure descendant of a 260 M$_{\odot}$ PISN. Instead, we find that the best fit model consists of a 13 M$_{\odot}$ Pop II core-collapse supernova combined with a Pop III supernova. Alternative, less favoured solutions $(\chi^2/\chi^2_{\rm best}\approx2.3)$ include a 50% contribution from a 260 M$_{\odot}$ PISN, or a 40% contribution from a Pop III type Ia supernova. Ultimately, J1010+2358 is certainly a unique star giving insights into the earliest chemical enrichment, however, this star is not a pure PISN descendant.