Gauged Q-ball dark matter through a cosmological first-order phase transition

TL;DR

This paper investigates gauged Q-ball dark matter produced during a cosmological first-order phase transition, analyzing their stability, relic density, and potential observational signatures like gravitational waves.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of gauged Q-ball stability, establishes bounds on their properties, and explores their formation and detectability in the early universe.

Findings

Derived stability constraints for gauged Q-balls.

Established an upper limit on gauge coupling constant.

Estimated relic density and potential observational signals.

Abstract

As a new type of dynamical dark matter mechanism, we discuss the stability of the gauged Q-ball dark matter and its production mechanism through a cosmological first-order phase transition. This work delves into the study of gauged Q-ball dark matter generated during the cosmic phase transition. We demonstrate detailed discussions on the stability of gauged Q-balls to rigorously constrain their charge and mass ranges. Additionally, employing analytic approximations and the mapping method, we provide qualitative insights into gauged Q-balls. We establish an upper limit on the gauge coupling constant and give the relic density of stable gauged Q-ball dark matter formed during a first-order phase transition. Furthermore, we discuss potential observational signatures or constraints of gauged Q-ball dark matter, including astronomical observations and gravitational wave signals.