Iso-entropy partially coherent optical fields that cannot be inter-converted unitarily

TL;DR

This paper explores the structure of partially coherent optical fields with multiple degrees of freedom, revealing how entropy and matrix rank influence their inter-convertibility via unitary transformations, with experimental validation.

Contribution

It uncovers the critical role of matrix rank in the unitary convertibility of iso-entropy optical fields with multiple degrees of freedom, extending understanding beyond single-DoF cases.

Findings

Rank-2 iso-entropy fields can be unitarily converted into each other.

Rank-3 and rank-4 fields cannot be interconverted unitarily.

Non-unitary transformations are required for inter-rank conversions.

Abstract

For partially coherent optical fields in which a single binary degree of freedom (DoF) is relevant, such as polarization, entropy uniquely identifies the class of optical fields that can be converted into each other via unitary transformations. However, when multiple DoFs are taken into consideration, entropy no longer serves this purpose. We investigate the structure of the family of iso-entropy partially coherent optical fields defined by two binary DoFs (polarization and two spatial modes) and described by a 4x4 coherence matrix G. We find that the rank of G (the number of its non-zero eigenvalues) plays a critical role in this context: whereby any pair of iso-entropy rank-2 fields can be converted into each other unitarily, this is not necessarily the case for a pair of rank-3 or rank-4 fields. Furthermore, unitary transformations between iso-entropy fields of different ranks are strictly forbidden. Instead, such conversions require entropy-maintaining non-unitary transformations that potentially combine filtering projections and randomizing operations. We experimentally synthesize partially coherent iso-entropy optical fields of all ranks, and tomographically reconstruct their coherence matrices. Moreover, we steer the coherence matrix over iso-entropy trajectories that maintain a fixed rank (intra-rank conversion) or that involve changes in the rank (inter-rank conversion). These findings offer a new perspective for the potential utility of partially coherent light in optical communications and sensing.