Prolate spheroids settling in a quiescent fluid: clustering, microstructures and collisions

TL;DR

This study uses direct numerical simulation to explore how prolate spheroids settle in a fluid, revealing non-monotonic velocity behavior, clustering effects, microstructure formation, and collision dynamics across different particle concentrations.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the sedimentation behavior, clustering, and collision mechanisms of prolate spheroids in quiescent fluids, highlighting the effects of volume fraction and wake interactions.

Findings

Maximum clustering occurs at 1% volume fraction.

Clustered particles preferentially sample downward flows, enhancing settling.

Collision rates decrease with increasing particle concentration.

Abstract

In this study, we investigate the sedimentation of prolate spheroids in a quiescent fluid by means of the particle-resolved direct numerical simulation. With the increase of the particle volume fraction $\phi$ from $0.1\%$ to $10\%$, we observe a non-monotonic variation of the mean settling velocity of particles, $\langle V_s \rangle$. By virtue of the Voronoi analysis, we find that the degree of particle clustering is highest when $\langle V_s \rangle$ reaches the local maximum at $\phi=1\%$. Under the swarm effect, clustered particles are found to preferentially sample downward fluid flows in the wake regions, leading to the enhancement of the settling speed. As for lower or higher volume fraction, the tendency of particle clustering and the preferential sampling of downward flows are attenuated. Hindrance effect becomes predominant when the volume fraction exceeds 5\% and reduces $\langle V_s \rangle$ to less than the isolated settling velocity. Particle orientation plays a minor role in the mean settling velocity, although individual prolate particles still tend to settle faster in suspensions when they deviate more from the broad-side-on alignment. Moreover, we also demonstrate that particles are prone to form column-like microstructures in dilute suspensions under the effect of wake-induced hydrodynamic attractions. The radial distribution function is higher at a lower volume fraction. As a result, the collision rate scaled by the particle number density decreases with the increasing volume fraction. By contrast, as another contribution to the particle collision rate, the relative radial velocity for nearby particles shows a minor degree of variation due to the lubrication effect.