Interfacial reaction boosts thermal conductance of room-temperature integrated semiconductor interfaces stable up to 1100 C

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that interfacial reactions significantly enhance the thermal conductance of room-temperature integrated semiconductor interfaces, achieving record-high boundary conductance and stability at high temperatures, crucial for advanced electronics cooling.

Contribution

It introduces a room-temperature bonding technique that, upon annealing, boosts thermal boundary conductance through interfacial reactions, surpassing previous interface conductance levels.

Findings

Thermal boundary conductance increased by up to 300% after annealing.

Interfaces remain stable and uniform up to 1100°C.

Record-high TBC of 150 MW/m2-K achieved among bonded diamond interfaces.

Abstract

Overheating has emerged as a primary challenge constraining the reliability and performance of next-generation high-performance electronics, such as chiplets and (ultra)wide bandgap electronics. Advanced heterogeneous integration not only constitutes a pivotal technique for fabricating these electronics but also offers potential solutions for thermal management. This study presents the integration of high thermal conductivity semiconductors, specifically, 3C-SiC thin films and diamond substrates, through a room-temperature surface-activated bonding technique. Notably, the thermal conductivity of the 3C-SiC films is among the highest for all semiconductor films which can be integrated near room temperature with similar thicknesses. Furthermore, following annealing, the interfaces between 3C-SiC and diamond demonstrate a remarkable enhancement in thermal boundary conductance (TBC), reaching up to approximately 300%, surpassing all other grown and bonded heterointerfaces. This enhancement is attributed to interfacial reactions, specifically the transformation of amorphous silicon into SiC upon interaction with diamond, which is further corroborated by picosecond ultrasonics measurements. Subsequent to annealing at 1100 C, the achieved TBC (150 MW/m2-K) is record-high among all bonded diamond interfaces. Additionally, the visualization of large-area TBC, facilitated by femtosecond laser-based time-domain thermoreflectance measurements, shows the uniformity of the interfaces which are capable of withstanding temperatures as high as 1100 C. Our research marks a significant advancement in the realm of thermally conductive heterogeneous integration, which is promising for enhanced cooling of next-generation electronics.