Inexact Policy Iteration Methods for Large-Scale Markov Decision Processes

TL;DR

This paper introduces inexact policy iteration methods for large-scale Markov decision processes, analyzing their convergence and performance with various iterative solvers, and demonstrating their effectiveness in epidemiological health policy design.

Contribution

The paper develops a general framework for inexact policy iteration using semismooth Newton-inspired stopping conditions, analyzing convergence and applying it to large-scale MDPs.

Findings

Contraction guarantees depend on the stopping condition parameter.

Iterative solvers' contraction properties are enhanced by problem structure.

Numerical experiments show improved performance in epidemiological health policy design.

Abstract

We consider inexact policy iteration methods for large-scale infinite-horizon discounted MDPs with finite spaces, a variant of policy iteration where the policy evaluation step is implemented inexactly using an iterative solver for linear systems. In the classical dynamic programming literature, a similar principle is deployed in optimistic policy iteration, where an a-priori fixed-number of iterations of value iteration is used to inexactly solve the policy evaluation step. Inspired by the connection between policy iteration and semismooth Newton's method, we investigate a class of iPI methods that mimic the inexact variants of semismooth Newton's method by adopting a parametric stopping condition to regulate the level of inexactness of the policy evaluation step. For this class of methods we discuss local and global convergence properties and derive a practical range of values for the stopping-condition parameter that provide contraction guarantees. Our analysis is general and therefore encompasses a variety of iterative solvers for policy evaluation, including the standard value iteration as well as more sophisticated ones such as GMRES. As underlined by our analysis, the selection of the inner solver is of fundamental importance for the performance of the overall method. We therefore consider different iterative methods to solve the policy evaluation step and analyze their applicability and contraction properties when used for policy evaluation. We show that the contraction properties of these methods tend to be enhanced by the specific structure of policy evaluation and that there is margin for substantial improvement in terms of convergence rate. Finally, we study the numerical performance of different instances of inexact policy iteration on large-scale MDPs for the design of health policies to control the spread of infectious diseases in epidemiology.