An Interpretable Cross-Attentive Multi-modal MRI Fusion Framework for Schizophrenia Diagnosis

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel multi-modal MRI fusion framework using cross-attention mechanisms to improve schizophrenia diagnosis accuracy and interpretability by capturing complex intra- and inter-modal relationships.

Contribution

The proposed CAMF framework effectively models interactions between fMRI and sMRI modalities, enhancing multi-modal data fusion and interpretability for schizophrenia diagnosis.

Findings

CAMF outperforms existing methods on two large datasets.

Gradient-guided Score-CAM identifies relevant brain regions.

Bio-markers align with established schizophrenia research.

Abstract

Both functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI and sMRI) are widely used for the diagnosis of mental disorder. However, combining complementary information from these two modalities is challenging due to their heterogeneity. Many existing methods fall short of capturing the interaction between these modalities, frequently defaulting to a simple combination of latent features. In this paper, we propose a novel Cross-Attentive Multi-modal Fusion framework (CAMF), which aims to capture both intra-modal and inter-modal relationships between fMRI and sMRI, enhancing multi-modal data representation. Specifically, our CAMF framework employs self-attention modules to identify interactions within each modality while cross-attention modules identify interactions between modalities. Subsequently, our approach optimizes the integration of latent features from both modalities. This approach significantly improves classification accuracy, as demonstrated by our evaluations on two extensive multi-modal brain imaging datasets, where CAMF consistently outperforms existing methods. Furthermore, the gradient-guided Score-CAM is applied to interpret critical functional networks and brain regions involved in schizophrenia. The bio-markers identified by CAMF align with established research, potentially offering new insights into the diagnosis and pathological endophenotypes of schizophrenia.