Flavor composition of supernova neutrinos

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that matter effects in supernovae can significantly constrain the flavor composition of emitted neutrinos, with distinct predictions for normal and inverted mass orderings, aiding future observational tests.

Contribution

It introduces a simplified model assuming decoherence effects that constrain supernova neutrino flavor composition based on matter effects, offering testable predictions for different mass orderings.

Findings

For normal mass ordering, $f_{\nu_e} < 0.5$ across all energies.

For inverted mass ordering, neutrinos arrive in near flavor equipartition ($f_{\nu_e} \approx 1/3$).

Predictions can be tested by future neutrino observations.

Abstract

Predicting the flavor composition of neutrinos from supernovae is a challenging task, primarily due to the high neutrino densities at their core. In such an environment, neutrino self-interactions give rise to collective effects that have dramatic yet poorly understood consequences for their flavor evolution. In this paper, however, we show that standard matter effects in the outer layers of supernovae can significantly constrain the flavor composition of the neutrino flux. We assume that, since a large number of neutrinos undergo different evolutions within the core, their state upon entering the MSW-dominated region is affected by decoherence. This assumption simplifies the problem and suggests that the fraction of neutrinos with electron flavor reaching Earth, denoted as $f_{\nu_e}$, is constrained to be less than $0.5$ for all energies throughout the emission phase in the case of normal mass ordering. In contrast, for inverted mass ordering, we anticipate neutrinos arriving in near flavor equipartition ($f_{\nu_e} \approx 1/3$). These predictions, and consequently their underlying assumptions, could be tested by future observations and may provide valuable insights into the properties of neutrino fluxes emerging from supernovae.