Predicting Learning Performance with Large Language Models: A Study in Adult Literacy

TL;DR

This study evaluates the use of Large Language Models like GPT-4 for predicting adult literacy learning performance within Intelligent Tutoring Systems, comparing their effectiveness to traditional machine learning methods.

Contribution

It demonstrates that GPT-4 can effectively predict learning outcomes and enhance traditional models, paving the way for integrating LLMs into personalized adult literacy education.

Findings

GPT-4 shows competitive predictive abilities with traditional methods.

XGBoost outperforms GPT-4 in accuracy when trained locally.

GPT-4-based tuning improves performance over local training.

Abstract

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) have significantly enhanced adult literacy training, a key factor for societal participation, employment opportunities, and lifelong learning. Our study investigates the application of advanced AI models, including Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT-4, for predicting learning performance in adult literacy programs in ITSs. This research is motivated by the potential of LLMs to predict learning performance based on its inherent reasoning and computational capabilities. By using reading comprehension datasets from the ITS, AutoTutor, we evaluate the predictive capabilities of GPT-4 versus traditional machine learning methods in predicting learning performance through five-fold cross-validation techniques. Our findings show that the GPT-4 presents the competitive predictive abilities with traditional machine learning methods such as Bayesian Knowledge Tracing, Performance Factor Analysis, Sparse Factor Analysis Lite (SPARFA-Lite), tensor factorization and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). While XGBoost (trained on local machine) outperforms GPT-4 in predictive accuracy, GPT-4-selected XGBoost and its subsequent tuning on the GPT-4 platform demonstrates superior performance compared to local machine execution. Moreover, our investigation into hyper-parameter tuning by GPT-4 versus grid-search suggests comparable performance, albeit with less stability in the automated approach, using XGBoost as the case study. Our study contributes to the field by highlighting the potential of integrating LLMs with traditional machine learning models to enhance predictive accuracy and personalize adult literacy education, setting a foundation for future research in applying LLMs within ITSs.