Towards a connection between the capacitated vehicle routing problem and the constrained centroid-based clustering

TL;DR

This paper establishes a theoretical and experimental link between the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) and Constrained Centroid-Based Clustering (CCBC), proposing an enhanced clustering-based approach to efficiently generate near-optimal routing solutions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel connection between CVRP and CCBC, along with an improved clustering-based framework that reduces complexity and enhances solution quality for vehicle routing problems.

Findings

Achieved near-optimal solutions with reduced computational time.

Demonstrated the effectiveness of the CCBC approach on benchmark instances.

Provided mathematical formulations linking CVRP and CCBC.

Abstract

Efficiently solving a vehicle routing problem (VRP) in a practical runtime is a critical challenge for delivery management companies. This paper explores both a theoretical and experimental connection between the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) and the Constrained Centroid-Based Clustering (CCBC). Reducing a CVRP to a CCBC is a synonym for a transition from an exponential to a polynomial complexity using commonly known algorithms for clustering, i.e K-means. At the beginning, we conduct an exploratory analysis to highlight the existence of such a relationship between the two problems through illustrative small-size examples and simultaneously deduce some mathematically-related formulations and properties. On a second level, the paper proposes a CCBC based approach endowed with some enhancements. The proposed framework consists of three stages. At the first step, a constrained centroid-based clustering algorithm generates feasible clusters of customers. This methodology incorporates three enhancement tools to achieve near-optimal clusters, namely: a multi-start procedure for initial centroids, a customer assignment metric, and a self-adjustment mechanism for choosing the number of clusters. At the second step, a traveling salesman problem (T SP) solver is used to optimize the order of customers within each cluster. Finally, we introduce a process relying on routes cutting and relinking procedure, which calls upon solving a linear and integer programming model to further improve the obtained routes. This step is inspired by the ruin & recreate algorithm. This approach is an extension of the classical cluster-first, route-second method and provides near-optimal solutions on well-known benchmark instances in terms of solution quality and computational runtime, offering a milestone in solving VRP.