Return to the forgotten ULX: a broadband NICER+NuSTAR study of NGC 4190 ULX-1

TL;DR

This study uses broadband NICER and NuSTAR observations to analyze NGC 4190 ULX-1, revealing spectral features and variability suggestive of a neutron star accretor, despite no pulsations being detected.

Contribution

The paper provides the first broadband spectral and timing analysis of NGC 4190 ULX-1, proposing it as a candidate neutron star ULX with evidence of a truncated accretion disk.

Findings

Spectral turnover at unusually low energy

No pulsations detected with upper limits

Evidence of a super-Eddington slim disk behavior

Abstract

We observed the nearby and relatively understudied ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 4190 ULX-1 jointly with NICER and NuSTAR to investigate its broadband spectrum, timing properties, and spectral variation over time. We found NGC 4190 ULX-1 to have a hard spectrum characterized by two thermal components (with temperatures ~0.25keV and ~1.6keV) and a high-energy excess typical of the ULX population, although the spectrum turns over at an unusually low energy. While no pulsations were detected, (with pulsed fraction 3-sigma upper limits of 16% for NICER and 35% for NuSTAR), the source shows significant stochastic variability and the covariance spectrum indicates the presence of a high-energy cut-off power-law component, potentially indicative of an accretion column. Additionally, when fitting archival XMM-Newton data with a similar model, we find that the luminosity-temperature evolution of the hot thermal component follows the behavior of a super-Eddington slim disk though the expected spectral broadening for such a disk is not seen, suggesting that the inner accretion disk may be truncated by a magnetic field. Therefore, despite the lack of detected pulsations, there is tantalizing evidence for NGC 4190 ULX-1 being a candidate neutron star accretor, although further broadband observations will be required to confirm this behavior.