TnT-LLM: Text Mining at Scale with Large Language Models

TL;DR

TnT-LLM leverages large language models to automate label taxonomy creation and data annotation for text mining, reducing manual effort and enabling scalable, accurate classification in real-world applications.

Contribution

The paper introduces TnT-LLM, a novel two-phase framework that uses LLMs for automated label generation and assignment, addressing the challenge of large-scale, low-supervision text mining.

Findings

TnT-LLM produces more accurate label taxonomies than state-of-the-art baselines.

The framework achieves a good balance between accuracy and efficiency in large-scale classification.

Experiments demonstrate the practical viability of LLM-based text mining in real-world scenarios.

Abstract

Transforming unstructured text into structured and meaningful forms, organized by useful category labels, is a fundamental step in text mining for downstream analysis and application. However, most existing methods for producing label taxonomies and building text-based label classifiers still rely heavily on domain expertise and manual curation, making the process expensive and time-consuming. This is particularly challenging when the label space is under-specified and large-scale data annotations are unavailable. In this paper, we address these challenges with Large Language Models (LLMs), whose prompt-based interface facilitates the induction and use of large-scale pseudo labels. We propose TnT-LLM, a two-phase framework that employs LLMs to automate the process of end-to-end label generation and assignment with minimal human effort for any given use-case. In the first phase, we introduce a zero-shot, multi-stage reasoning approach which enables LLMs to produce and refine a label taxonomy iteratively. In the second phase, LLMs are used as data labelers that yield training samples so that lightweight supervised classifiers can be reliably built, deployed, and served at scale. We apply TnT-LLM to the analysis of user intent and conversational domain for Bing Copilot (formerly Bing Chat), an open-domain chat-based search engine. Extensive experiments using both human and automatic evaluation metrics demonstrate that TnT-LLM generates more accurate and relevant label taxonomies when compared against state-of-the-art baselines, and achieves a favorable balance between accuracy and efficiency for classification at scale. We also share our practical experiences and insights on the challenges and opportunities of using LLMs for large-scale text mining in real-world applications.