Ellipsephic harmonic series revisited

TL;DR

This paper investigates the properties and sums of ellipsephic harmonic series, which are based on integers avoiding certain digit patterns in various bases, providing comprehensive results for any digit or block in any base.

Contribution

It offers a complete characterization of ellipsephic harmonic series for any digit or block in any base, extending previous partial results.

Findings

Proved convergence properties of ellipsephic harmonic series.

Derived closed-form expressions and approximations for their sums.

Analyzed limits as the number of allowed digits increases.

Abstract

Ellipsephic or Kempner-like harmonic series are series of inverses of integers whose expansion in base $B$, for some $B \geq 2$, contains no occurrence of some fixed digit or some fixed block of digits. A prototypical example was proposed by Kempner in 1914, namely the sum inverses of integers whose expansion in base $10$ contains no occurrence of a nonzero given digit. Results about such series address their convergence as well as closed expressions for their sums (or approximations thereof). Another direction of research is the study of sums of inverses of integers that contain only a given finite number, say $k$, of some digit or some block of digits, and the limits of such sums when $k$ goes to infinity. Generalizing partial results in the literature, we give a complete result for any digit or block of digits in any base.