Searching for late-time interaction signatures in Type Ia supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility

TL;DR

This study searches for late-time circumstellar interaction signatures in Type Ia supernovae using Zwicky Transient Facility data, finding rare cases of potential interaction occurring hundreds of days post-peak, which informs progenitor system models.

Contribution

It presents the first systematic search for late-time CSM interaction in a large sample of SNe Ia, revealing rare late-time rebrightening events and estimating their occurrence rate.

Findings

Potential late-time CSM interaction detected in 3 SNe Ia.

Late-time interactions occur between 550 and 1450 days after peak.

Estimated less than 0.5% of normal SNe Ia show strong late-time CSM signatures.

Abstract

The nature of the progenitor systems and explosion mechanisms that give rise to Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are still debated. The interaction signature of circumstellar material (CSM) being swept up by expanding ejecta can constrain the type of system from which it was ejected. Most previous studies have focused on finding CSM ejected shortly before the SN Ia explosion still residing close to the explosion site, resulting in short delay times until the interaction starts. We use a sample of 3627 SNe Ia from the Zwicky Transient Facility discovered between 2018 and 2020 and search for interaction signatures over 100 days after peak brightness. By binning the late-time light curve data to push the detection limit as deep as possible, we identify potential late-time rebrightening in 3 SNe Ia (SN 2018grt, SN 2019dlf, SN 2020tfc). The late-time detections occur between 550 and 1450 d after peak brightness, have mean absolute $r$-band magnitudes of -16.4 to -16.8 mag and last up to a few hundred days, significantly brighter than the late-time CSM interaction discovered in the prototype SN 2015cp. The late-time detections all occur within 0.8 kpc of the host nucleus and are not easily explained by nuclear activity, another transient at a similar sky position, or data quality issues. This suggests environment or specific progenitor characteristics playing a role in producing potential CSM signatures in these SNe Ia. By simulating the ZTF survey we estimate that <0.5 per cent of normal SNe Ia display late-time strong H $\alpha$-dominated CSM interaction. This is equivalent to an absolute rate of $8_{-4}^{+20}$ to $54_{-26}^{+91}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ assuming a constant SN Ia rate of $2.4\times10^{-5}$ Mpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ for $z \leq 0.1$. Weaker interaction signatures, more similar to the strength seen in SN 2015cp, could be more common but are difficult to constrain with our survey depth.