Quantum effects in gravity beyond the Newton potential from a delocalised quantum source

TL;DR

This paper proposes two novel effects that reveal quantum features of gravity beyond the Newtonian approximation, enabling tests of gravity's quantum nature independent of graviton emission in upcoming experiments.

Contribution

It identifies effects that cannot be explained by the Newton potential, providing new avenues to demonstrate gravity's quantum properties.

Findings

Interaction between quantum sources cannot be reproduced by Newtonian gravity.

Quantum commutator affects the phase of a test particle, indicating quantum gravity.

These effects are independent of graviton emission and classical explanations.

Abstract

Recent progress in table-top experiments offers the opportunity to show for the first time that gravity is not compatible with a classical description. In all current experimental proposals, such as the generation of gravitationally induced entanglement between two quantum sources of gravity, gravitational effects can be explained with the Newton potential, namely in a regime that is consistent with the weak-field limit of general relativity and does not probe the field nature of gravity. Hence, the Newtonian origin of the effects is a limitation to the conclusions on the nature of gravity that can be drawn from these experiments. Here, we identify two effects that overcome this limitation: they cannot be reproduced using the Newton potential and are independent of graviton emission. First, we show that the interaction between two generic quantum sources of gravity, e.g. in wide Gaussian states, cannot be reproduced with the Newton potential nor with a known classical theory or gravity. Hence, observing the form of this interaction would require either a modification to classical gravity or its quantum description. Second, we show that the quantum commutator between the gravitational field and its canonically conjugate momentum appears as an additional term in the relative phase of a generic quantum source interacting with a test particle. Observing this term in the phase would be a test of the gravitational field as a quantum mediator. Identifying stronger quantum aspects of gravity than those reproducible with the Newton potential is crucial to prove the nonclassicality of the gravitational field and to plan a new generation of experiments testing quantum aspects of gravity in a broader sense than what proposed so far.