Strategic Vote Timing in Online Elections With Public Tallies

TL;DR

This paper examines how public tallies influence strategic voting timing in online elections, revealing equilibria with both early and late voting, and conditions fostering last-minute voting behavior.

Contribution

It introduces a novel model capturing the impact of interim results on voters' timing decisions and characterizes equilibria with mixed voting timings.

Findings

Existence of equilibria with both early and late voting.

Conditions under which last-minute voting occurs.

Empirical support for temporal bandwagon effects.

Abstract

We study the effect of public tallies on online elections, in a setting where voting is costly and voters are allowed to strategically time their votes. The strategic importance of choosing \emph{when} to vote arises when votes are public, such as in online event scheduling polls (e.g., Doodle), or in blockchain governance mechanisms. In particular, there is a tension between voting early to influence future votes and waiting to observe interim results and avoid voting costs if the outcome has already been decided. Our study draws on empirical findings showing that "temporal" bandwagon effects occur when interim results are revealed to the electorate: late voters are more likely to vote for leading candidates. To capture this phenomenon, we analyze a novel model where the electorate consists of informed voters who have a preferred candidate, and uninformed swing voters who can be swayed according to the interim outcome at the time of voting. In our main results, we prove the existence of equilibria where both early and late voting occur with a positive probability, and we characterize conditions that lead to the appearance of "last minute" voting behavior, where all informed voters vote late.