Full Quantum Process Tomography of a Universal Entangling Gate on an IBM's Quantum Computer

TL;DR

This paper performs full quantum process tomography on a universal two-qubit entangling gate, the SQSCZ, on IBM's quantum hardware, revealing high fidelity and noise characteristics crucial for quantum computing advancements.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed implementation and analysis of the SQSCZ gate using quantum process tomography with Choi matrices on real and simulated IBM quantum devices.

Findings

Process fidelity of 97.27% on simulation

Process fidelity of 88.99% on real hardware

Comprehensive noise analysis of the SQSCZ gate

Abstract

Characterizing quantum dynamics is a cornerstone pursuit across quantum physics, quantum information science, and quantum computation. The precision of quantum gates in manipulating input basis states and their intricate superpositions is paramount. In this study, we conduct a thorough analysis of the SQSCZ gate, a universal two-qubit entangling gate, using real quantum hardware. This gate is a fusion of the square root of SWAP ($\sqrt{SWAP}$) and the square root of controlled-Z ($\sqrt{CZ}$) gates, serves as a foundational element for constructing universal gates, including the controlled-NOT gate. we begin by explaining the theory behind quantum process tomography (QPT), exploring the \textit{Choi-Jamiolkowski} isomorphism or the Choi matrix representation of the quantum process, along with a QPT algorithm utilizing Choi representation. Subsequently, we provide detailed insights into the experimental realization of the SQSCZ gate using a transmon-based superconducting qubit quantum computer. To comprehensively assess the gate's performance on a noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer, we conduct QPT experiments across diverse environments, employing both IBM Quantum's simulators and IBM Quantum's real quantum computer. Leveraging the Choi matrix in our QPT experiments allows for a comprehensive characterization of our quantum operations. Our analysis unveils commendable fidelities and noise properties of the SQSCZ gate, with process fidelities reaching $97.27098\%$ and $88.99383\%$, respectively. These findings hold promising implications for advancing both theoretical understanding and practical applications in the realm of quantum computation.