Immunogenic cell death triggered by pathogen ligands via host germ line-encoded receptors

TL;DR

This review discusses how host germ line-encoded receptors detect pathogen ligands to trigger various immunogenic cell death pathways, which are crucial for immune defense and are manipulated by pathogens.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms of immunogenic cell death triggered by pathogens, emphasizing the role of pattern recognition receptors and inflammasomes.

Findings

Host receptors recognize pathogen ligands to activate cell death pathways.

Pathogens manipulate host cell death mechanisms for survival.

Inflammasomes are central to pyroptosis and cytokine processing.

Abstract

The strategic induction of cell death serves as a crucial immune defense mechanism for the eradication of pathogenic infections within host cells. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying immunogenic cell pathways has significantly enhanced our understanding of the host's immunity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the immunogenic cell death mechanisms triggered by pathogen infections, focusing on the critical role of pattern recognition receptors. In response to infections, host cells dictate a variety of cell death pathways, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necrosis, and lysosomal cell death, which are essential for amplifying immune responses and controlling pathogen dissemination. Key components of these mechanisms are host cellular receptors that recognize pathogen-associated ligands. These receptors activate downstream signaling cascades, leading to the expression of immunoregulatory genes and the production of antimicrobial cytokines and chemokines. Particularly, the inflammasome, a multi-protein complex, plays a pivotal role in these responses by processing pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing pyroptotic cell death. Pathogens, in turn, have evolved strategies to manipulate these cell death pathways, either by inhibiting them to facilitate their replication or by triggering them to evade host defenses. This dynamic interplay between host immune mechanisms and pathogen strategies highlights the intricate co-evolution of microbial virulence and host immunity.