Free public transport to the destination: A causal analysis of tourists' travel mode choice

TL;DR

This study evaluates the causal impact of free public transport policies on tourists' travel mode choices, showing significant shifts from private cars to public transit, informing sustainable tourism policies.

Contribution

It introduces a causal analysis framework to assess fare-free policies' effects on travel behavior using natural experiments in tourism.

Findings

Approximately 12-15% reduction in private car use due to free public transport

Use of propensity score matching and causal forest for effect estimation

Policy implications for promoting sustainable tourism transportation

Abstract

In this paper, we assess the impact of a fare-free public transport policy for overnight guests on travel mode choice to a Swiss tourism destination. The policy directly targets domestic transport to and from a destination, the substantial contributor to the CO2 emissions of overnight trips. Based on a survey sample, we identify the effect with the help of the random element that the information on the offer from a hotelier to the guest varies in day-to-day business. We estimate a shift from private cars to public transport due to the policy of, on average, 14.8 and 11.6 percentage points, depending on the application of propensity score matching and causal forest. This knowledge is relevant for policy-makers to design future offers that include more sustainable travels to a destination. Overall, our paper exemplifies how such an effect of comparable natural experiments in the travel and tourism industry can be properly identified with a causal framework and underlying assumptions.