Shocks, clouds and atomic outflows in active galactic nuclei hosting relativistic jets

TL;DR

This paper proposes a unified framework explaining atomic and molecular outflows in active galactic nuclei with jets, emphasizing shock interactions with dense clouds and highlighting limitations of current simulations.

Contribution

It introduces a parameter space based on jet evolution models to explain atomic line presence and suggests outflows can occur in low-power jets, challenging existing simulation results.

Findings

Atomic outflows are driven by jet-induced shocks in dense clouds.

Current simulations cannot fully reproduce observed atomic and molecular outflows.

Outflows are more likely in low-power jets across scales.

Abstract

A number of observations have revealed atomic and/or molecular lines in active galaxies hosting jets and outflows. Line widths indicate outward motions of hundreds to few thousands of kilometers per second. They appear associated to the presence of radio emission in Gigahert-peaked spectrum (GPS) and compact steep spectrum (CSS) sources, with linear sizes < 10 kpc. Numerical simulations have shown that the bow shocks triggered by relativistic jets in their host galaxies drive ionisation and turbulence in the interstellar medium (ISM). However, the presence of atomic lines requires rapid recombination of ionised gas, which seems to be hard to explain from the physical conditions revealed so far by numerical simulations of powerful jets. The aim of this paper is to provide a global frame to explain the presence of lines in terms of jet and shock evolution, and fix the parameter space in which the atomic and molecular outflows might occur. This parameter space is inspired by numerical simulations and basic analytical models of jet evolution as a background. Our results show that a plausible, general explanation involves momentum transfer and heating to the interstellar medium gas by jet triggered shocks within the inner kiloparsecs. The presence of post-shock atomic gas is possible in the case of shocks interacting with dense clouds that remain relatively stable after the shock passage. According to our results, current numerical simulations cannot reproduce the physical conditions to explain the presence of atomic and molecular outflows in young radio-sources. However, I show that these outflows might occur in low-power jets at all scales, and predict a trend towards powerful jets showing lines at CSS scales, when clouds have cooled to recombination temperatures.