Dual-trigger release of berberine chloride from the Gelatin/Perfluorohexane core-shell structure

TL;DR

This study develops pH-sensitive, ultrasound-responsive gelatin/perfluorohexane nanodroplets for controlled berberine chloride delivery, demonstrating effective dual-triggered release and stability for targeted therapy.

Contribution

It introduces a novel dual-trigger nanocarrier system responsive to pH and ultrasound for precise drug release, with optimized formulation and demonstrated efficacy.

Findings

Nanodroplets had a particle size of 281.7 nm.

Ultrasound significantly increased drug release, especially at 150 kHz.

Nanodroplets remained stable over one month at 4°C.

Abstract

Background: The development of smart nanocarriers that enable controlled drug release in response to internal and external triggers is an emerging approach for targeted therapy. This study focused on designing pH-sensitive, ultrasound-responsive gelatin/perfluorohexane (PFH) nanodroplets loaded with berberine chloride as a model drug. Results:The nanodroplets were prepared using an emulsion technique and optimized by varying process parameters like homogenization rate, polymer concentration, surfactant, drug, and perfluorocarbon content. The optimal formulation yielded nanodroplets with a particle size of 281.7 nm, a drug encapsulation efficiency of 66.8+- 1.7%, and a passive drug release of 15.4+- 0.2% within 24 hours. Characterization confirmed successful encapsulation and pH-responsive behavior. Ultrasound stimulation significantly enhanced drug release, with 150 kHz being more effective than 1 MHz in triggering acoustic droplet vaporization while minimizing heat generation. After 10 minutes of radiation, the optimal formulation showed 89.4% cumulative drug release. The nanodroplets displayed stability over one month at 4{\deg}C. Conclusions: Overall, the dual-triggered nanodroplets demonstrate excellent potential for controlled delivery and targeted release of berberine chloride.