Formulating or Fixating: Effects of Examples on Problem Solving Vary as a Function of Example Presentation Interface Design

TL;DR

This study investigates how different example presentation interfaces in interactive systems influence problem solving, revealing that contextualized examples improve exploration and model formulation over list-based presentations.

Contribution

It provides empirical evidence on how example interface design affects problem solving and proposes a theoretical framework linking design choices to psychological mechanisms.

Findings

Contextualized examples enhance problem space exploration.

List-based examples increase user fixation.

Design choices influence creative inspiration mechanisms.

Abstract

Interactive systems that facilitate exposure to examples can augment problem solving performance. However designers of such systems are often faced with many practical design decisions about how users will interact with examples, with little clear theoretical guidance. To understand how example interaction design choices affect whether/how people benefit from examples, we conducted an experiment where 182 participants worked on a controlled analog to an exploratory creativity task, with access to examples of varying diversity and presentation interfaces. Task performance was worse when examples were presented in a list, compared to contextualized in the exploration space or shown in a dropdown list. Example lists were associated with more fixation, whereas contextualized examples were associated with using examples to formulate a model of the problem space to guide exploration. We discuss implications of these results for a theoretical framework that maps design choices to fundamental psychological mechanisms of creative inspiration from examples.