Quest for a solution to drift in phase change memory devices

TL;DR

This thesis investigates the fundamental causes of drift in phase change memory devices through extensive experiments, explores nanoscale effects and material choices, and evaluates innovative device designs to mitigate drift.

Contribution

It introduces new models for structural relaxation, assesses the feasibility of single-element PCM devices, and tests a novel resistance-decoupling concept for drift reduction.

Findings

Structural relaxation begins in melt-quenched states over 9 orders of magnitude in time.

Single-element Antimony devices show promising stability and efficiency at nanoscale.

Contact resistance is critical for the success of resistance-decoupled device concepts.

Abstract

The goal of this thesis is to gain new insights into the drift phenomenon and identify strategies to mitigate it. An extensive experimental characterization of PCM devices and in particular drift forms the foundation of each chapter. With respect to time-scales, ambient temperature, device dimensions, and combinations thereof, drift is studied under unprecedented conditions. In three studies, different aspects of drift are examined. (1) The origin of structural relaxation: Drift measurements over 9 orders of magnitude in time reveal the onset of relaxation in a melt-quenched state. The data is used to appraise two models, the Gibbs relaxation model and the collective relaxation model. Additionally, a refined version of the collective relaxation model is introduced and the consequences of a limited number of structural defects are discussed. (2) Exploiting nanoscale effects in phase change memories: Scaling devices to ever-smaller dimensions is incentivized by the requirement to achieve higher storage densities and less power consumption. Eventually, confinement and interfacial effects will govern the device characteristics. Anticipating these consequences, the feasibility to use a single element, Antimony, is assessed for the first time. The power efficiency, stability against crystallization, and drift are characterized under different degrees of confinement. (3) State-dependent drift in a projected memory cell: New device concepts are aiming to reduce drift by decoupling the cell resistance from the electronic properties of the amorphous phase. A shunt resistor scaling with the amount of amorphous material is added. Simulations and the drift characteristics of a projected device put the idealized concept to the test. The contact resistance between the phase change material and the shunt resistor is identified as a decisive parameter to achieve the desired device properties.