High-Performance Photon Number Resolving Detectors for 850-950 nm wavelengths

TL;DR

This paper presents high-efficiency, photon number resolving superconducting nanowire detectors operating at 850-950 nm, capable of resolving up to 7 photons with excellent timing, advancing quantum optics applications.

Contribution

The authors demonstrate NbTiN SNSPDs with over 94% efficiency, sub 11 ps timing jitter, and photon resolution up to 7 photons, a significant improvement in PNR detector performance at these wavelengths.

Findings

Achieved >94% system detection efficiency.

Resolved up to 7 photons with sub 11 ps timing jitter.

Theoretical analysis suggests further improvements via readout circuitry enhancements.

Abstract

Since their first demonstration in 2001, superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors have witnessed two decades of great developments. SNSPDs are the detector of choice in most modern quantum optics experiments and are slowly finding their way into other photon starved fields of optics. Until now, however, in nearly all experiments SNSPDs were used as binary detectors, meaning they can only distinguish between 0 and more than 1 photons and photon number information is lost. Recent research works have demonstrated proof of principle photon number resolving (PNR) SNSPDs counting 2 to 5 photons. The photon-number-resolving capability is highly demanded in various quantum-optics experiments, including HOM interference, photonic quantum computing, quantum communication, and non Gaussian quantum state preparation. In particular, PNR detectors at the wavelength range of 850 to 950 nm are of great interest due to the availability of high quality semiconductor quantum dots and high-performance Cesium-based quantum memories. In this paper, we demonstrate NbTiN based SNSPDs with over 94 percent system detection efficiency, sub 11 ps timing jitter for one photon, and sub 7 ps for two photon. More importantly, our detectors resolve up to 7 photons using conventional cryogenic electric readout circuitry. Through theoretical analysis, we show that the current PNR performance of our detectors can still be further improved by improving the signal to noise ratio and bandwidth of our readout circuitry. Our results are promising for the future of optical quantum computing and quantum communication.