PKBOIN-12: A Bayesian optimal interval Phase I/II design incorporating pharmacokinetics outcomes to find the optimal biological dose

TL;DR

This paper introduces PKBOIN-12, a Bayesian model-assisted design that incorporates pharmacokinetics data into early phase clinical trials to more accurately identify the optimal biological dose, improving dose selection and patient safety.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel PKBOIN-12 design that integrates PK outcomes into dose-finding algorithms, extending existing methods to better identify the OBD in early phase trials.

Findings

PKBOIN-12 more effectively identifies the OBD than BOIN12.

PKBOIN-12 allocates more patients to the true OBD.

The design reduces the chance of selecting ineffective doses.

Abstract

Immunotherapies and targeted therapies have gained popularity due to their promising therapeutic effects across multiple treatment areas. The focus of early phase dose-finding clinical trials has shifted from finding the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) to identifying the optimal biological dose (OBD), which aims to balance the toxicity and efficacy outcomes, thereby optimizing the risk-benefit trade-off. These trials often collect multiple pharmacokinetics (PK) outcomes to assess drug exposure, which has shown correlations with toxicity and efficacy outcomes but has not been utilized in the current dose-finding designs for OBD selection. Moreover, PK outcomes are usually available within days after initial treatment, much faster than toxicity and efficacy outcomes. To bridge this gap, we introduce the innovative model-assisted PKBOIN-12 design, which enhances the BOIN12 design by integrating PK information into both the dose-finding algorithm and the final OBD determination process. We further extend PKBOIN-12 to the TITE-PKBOIN-12 design to address the challenges of late-onset toxicity and efficacy outcomes. Simulation results demonstrate that the PKBOIN-12 design more effectively identifies the OBD and allocates a greater number of patients to it than BOIN12. Additionally, PKBOIN-12 decreases the probability of selecting inefficacious doses as the OBD by excluding those with low drug exposure. Comprehensive simulation studies and sensitivity analysis confirm the robustness of both PKBOIN-12 and TITE-PKBOIN-12 designs in various scenarios.