The geometry of flow: Advancing predictions of river geometry with multi-model machine learning

TL;DR

This study employs advanced machine learning models on a large dataset to significantly improve predictions of river width and depth over traditional power-law methods, aiding flood forecasting and river management.

Contribution

It introduces novel data-driven machine learning approaches that outperform traditional hydraulic geometry equations for river width and depth prediction across the contiguous US.

Findings

ML models achieved R-squared up to 0.75 for width and 0.67 for depth.

ML models outperformed traditional power-law equations in accuracy.

Created the publicly available STREAM-geo dataset for river geometries.

Abstract

Hydraulic geometry parameters describing river hydrogeomorphic is important for flood forecasting. Although well-established, power-law hydraulic geometry curves have been widely used to understand riverine systems and mapping flooding inundation worldwide for the past 70 years, we have become increasingly aware of the limitations of these approaches. In the present study, we have moved beyond these traditional power-law relationships for river geometry, testing the ability of machine-learning models to provide improved predictions of river width and depth. For this work, we have used an unprecedentedly large river measurement dataset (HYDRoSWOT) as well as a suite of watershed predictor data to develop novel data-driven approaches to better estimate river geometries over the contiguous United States (CONUS). Our Random Forest, XGBoost, and neural network models out-performed the traditional, regionalized power law-based hydraulic geometry equations for both width and depth, providing R-squared values of as high as 0.75 for width and as high as 0.67 for depth, compared with R-squared values of 0.57 for width and 0.18 for depth from the regional hydraulic geometry equations. Our results also show diverse performance outcomes across stream orders and geographical regions for the different machine-learning models, demonstrating the value of using multi-model approaches to maximize the predictability of river geometry. The developed models have been used to create the newly publicly available STREAM-geo dataset, which provides river width, depth, width/depth ratio, and river and stream surface area (%RSSA) for nearly 2.7 million NHDPlus stream reaches across the rivers and streams across the contiguous US.