Trading off regional and overall energy system design flexibility in the net-zero transition

TL;DR

This paper explores how regional flexibility in energy system design impacts Europe's net-zero transition, highlighting the importance of coordinated policies and regional resource differences for system robustness and renewable strategies.

Contribution

It introduces an optimization model that assesses regional planning flexibility and its effects on overall system robustness in Europe's net-zero energy transition.

Findings

Regional flexibility is extensive, with few technologies being indispensable.

National policies can significantly influence renewable export and hydrogen strategies.

Greater commitment to solar in Southern Europe and Germany enhances overall system options.

Abstract

The transition to net-zero emissions in Europe is determined by a patchwork of country-level and EU-wide policy, creating coordination challenges in an interconnected system. We use an optimisation model to map out near-optimal energy system designs for 2050, focussing on the planning flexibility of individual regions while maintaining overall system robustness against different weather years, cost assumptions, and land use limitations. Our results reveal extensive flexibility at a regional level, where only few technologies (solar around the Adriatic and wind on the British Isles and in Germany) cannot be substituted. National policymakers can influence renewable energy export and hydrogen strategies significantly, provided they coordinate this with the remaining European system. However, stronger commitment to solar in Southern Europe and Germany unlocks more design options for Europe overall. These results on regional trade-offs facilitate more meaningful policy discussions which are crucial in the transition to a sustainable energy system.