Roadmap on Nanoscale Magnetic Resonance Imaging

TL;DR

This roadmap reviews the progress, challenges, and future directions of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI), highlighting its potential for high-resolution molecular imaging and quantum technology applications.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of current NanoMRI technologies, identifies key challenges, and proposes strategies for advancing the field and expanding its applications.

Findings

NanoMRI techniques have achieved near-atomic resolution.

Sensitivity improvements are enabling ambient condition NMR spectroscopy.

Multiple technical approaches with distinct capabilities have emerged.

Abstract

The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.