Unveiling the origin of the optical/UV emission from the Galactic ULX Swift J0243.6+6124 during its 2017-2018 giant outburst

TL;DR

This study investigates the origin of optical/UV emission in the Galactic ULX Swift J0243.6+6124 during its 2017-2018 outburst, concluding that X-ray reprocessing on the donor star and accretion disk irradiation are primary sources.

Contribution

It presents a detailed physical model demonstrating that X-ray heating and irradiation explain the optical/UV emission during the outburst, advancing understanding of emission mechanisms in ULX BeXBs.

Findings

Optical/UV emission correlates tightly with X-ray flux.

X-ray reprocessing on the donor star and disk irradiation explain the optical/UV emission.

Model reproduces observed optical/UV SEDs during outburst.

Abstract

From late September 2017 to February 2018, the Be X-ray binary (BeXB) Swift J0243.6+6124 underwent an unprecedently bright giant outburst. The reported X-ray luminosities were so high that the system was classified as an Ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX). It was also the first BeXB pulsar showing radio jet emission. The source was not only bright in X-rays and radio, but also in optical and UV wavelenghts. In this paper we aim to understand the origin of the observed optical/UV fluxes simultaneous to the X-ray emission. We studied the optical/UV light curves in comparison with the X-ray fluxes along the outburst, considering the main mechanisms that can explain the optical/UV emission in X-ray binaries. Due to the tight correlation observed between the optical/UV and X-ray light curves, reprocessing of X-rays seems to be the most plausible explanation. We calculated the timescales of the light curves decays and studied the correlation indexes between the optical and X-ray emission. Finally, we built a physical model considering X-ray heating of the surface of the donor star, irradiation of the accretion disk, and emission from a viscously heated accretion disk, in order to reproduce the observed optical/UV SEDs along the outburst. We considered in our model that the Be circumstellar disk was co-planar to the orbit, and then we neglected its irradiation in the current model. As an input of the model, we used as incident X-ray luminosities those calculated from the bolometric X-ray fluxes obtained from the spectral fit of the Swift/XRT and BAT observations. We conclude that reprocessing of X-rays as X-ray heating of the Be star surface and irradiation of the accretion disk are the two main mechanisms that can reproduce the observed optical/UV emission during the 2017-2018 giant outburst of Swift J0243.6+6124.