Characterizing the Narrowband Ambiguity Function of Multi-Tone Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated Waveforms

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the narrowband ambiguity function of Multi-Tone Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated waveforms, deriving closed-form expressions for mainlobe shape and introducing optimization methods to control sidelobe structure for active sonar.

Contribution

It provides exact formulas for the ambiguity function's mainlobe shape and introduces a numerical optimization approach to control sidelobe levels while maintaining mainlobe characteristics.

Findings

Closed-form expressions for the Ellipse of Ambiguity parameters.

Waveform design allows fine control over Doppler sensitivity and tolerance.

Optimization effectively reduces sidelobe levels in the autocorrelation function.

Abstract

This paper characterizes the mainlobe and sidelobe structure of the Multi-Tone Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated (MTSFM) transmit waveform's narrowband Ambiguity Function (AF) for active sonar applications. The MTSFM waveform's modulation function is represented as a Fourier series. The Fourier coefficients form a discrete set of parameters that are modified to synthesize waveforms with novel characteristics. The contour of the AF's mainlobe is well approximated as a coupled ellipse known as the Ellipse of Ambiguity (EOA). The EOA parameters determine whether a waveform is Doppler sensitive or Doppler tolerant. This paper derives exact closed form expressions for the EOA parameters of the MTSFM's AF. The MTSFM's design coefficients allow for fine control of its AF mainlobe width in range and Doppler as well as its RDCF. This fine control facilitates designing waveforms that can smoothly trade-off between possessing Doppler sensitive and Doppler tolerant characteristics. Additionally, this paper introduces a method to control the sidelobe structure of the MTSFM's Auto Correlation Function (ACF) while maintaining the waveform's AF mainlobe shape. This is achieved using a numerical optimization technique that minimizes the ratio of $\ell_2$-norms of the ACF mainlobe and sidelobe regions subject to constraints on the EOA parameters. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of this optimization technique.