Speech Understanding on Tiny Devices with A Learning Cache

TL;DR

This paper introduces SpeechCache, a novel on-device speech understanding system for tiny devices that leverages temporal locality and caching to reduce cloud offloading, improve latency, and maintain accuracy in challenging environments.

Contribution

It presents a new speech cache system that matches speech inputs at multiple levels and learns to personalize, enabling efficient on-device SLU on microcontrollers.

Findings

Resolves 45%-90% of inputs on device

Reduces latency by up to 80%

Effective even in noisy or adversarial conditions

Abstract

This paper addresses spoken language understanding (SLU) on microcontroller-like embedded devices, integrating on-device execution with cloud offloading in a novel fashion. We leverage temporal locality in the speech inputs to a device and reuse recent SLU inferences accordingly. Our idea is simple: let the device match incoming inputs against cached results, and only offload inputs not matched to any cached ones to the cloud for full inference. Realization of this idea, however, is non-trivial: the device needs to compare acoustic features in a robust yet low-cost way. To this end, we present SpeechCache (or SC), a speech cache for tiny devices. It matches speech inputs at two levels of representations: first by sequences of clustered raw sound units, then as sequences of phonemes. Working in tandem, the two representations offer complementary tradeoffs between cost and efficiency. To boost accuracy even further, our cache learns to personalize: with the mismatched and then offloaded inputs, it continuously finetunes the device's feature extractors with the assistance of the cloud. We implement SC on an off-the-shelf STM32 microcontroller. The complete implementation has a small memory footprint of 2MB. Evaluated on challenging speech benchmarks, our system resolves 45%-90% of inputs on device, reducing the average latency by up to 80% compared to offloading to popular cloud speech recognition services. The benefit brought by our proposed SC is notable even in adversarial settings - noisy environments, cold cache, or one device shared by a number of users.