Controlling Nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein Condensation with Engineered Environments

TL;DR

This paper presents a method to control nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation into specific states by engineering artificial quantum baths, demonstrated through a superconducting circuit setup and supported by a linear programming theory.

Contribution

It introduces a practical superconducting circuit 'Bose condenser' for targeted condensation and develops a linear programming approach to inverse design of condensation states.

Findings

Successful implementation of targeted Bose condensation in a superconducting circuit.

Development of a linear programming method for inverse control of condensate states.

Potential applications in quantum amplification and heat-flow management.

Abstract

Out of thermal equilibrium, bosonic quantum systems can Bose-condense away from the ground state, featuring a macroscopic occupation of an excited state or even of multiple states in the so-called Bose-selection scenario. In previous work, a theory was developed that predicts, in which states a driven-dissipative ideal Bose gas condenses. Here, we address the inverse problem: Given a target state with desired condensate fractions in certain single-particle states, how can this configuration be achieved by tuning available control parameters? Which type of experimental setup allows for flexible condensation control? We solve these problems, on the one hand, by proposing a Bose `condenser', experimentally implementable in a superconducting circuit, where targeted Bose condensation into eigenstates of a chain of resonators is driven through the coupling to artificial quantum baths, realized via auxiliary two-level systems. On the other, we develop a theory to solve the inverse problem based on linear programming methods. We further discuss the engineering of transition points between different Bose condensation configurations, which may find application for amplification, heat-flow control, and the design of highly-structured quantum baths.