Thermalization and hydrodynamics in an interacting integrable system: the case of hard rods

TL;DR

This paper investigates the relaxation dynamics of a one-dimensional hard-rod fluid, revealing conditions under which the system does not reach the expected Generalized Gibbs Ensemble and demonstrating the roles of shocks and dissipation.

Contribution

It shows that certain initial conditions prevent the system from reaching GGE and analyzes the effects of shocks and dissipation using analytical and simulation methods.

Findings

Some initial states do not relax to GGE even at long times.

Shocks cause discrepancies in the Euler equation solutions.

Dissipation leads to diffusive spreading of particles.

Abstract

We consider the relaxation of an initial non-equilibrium state in a one-dimensional fluid of hard rods. Since it is an interacting integrable system, we expect it to reach the Generalized Gibbs Ensemble (GGE) at long times for generic initial conditions. Here we show that there exist initial conditions for which the system does not reach GGE even at very long times and in the thermodynamic limit. In particular, we consider an initial condition of uniformly distributed hard-rods in a box with the left half having particles with a singular velocity distribution (all moving with unit velocity) and the right half particles in thermal equilibrium. We find that the density profile for the singular component does not spread to the full extent of the box and keeps moving with a fixed effective speed at long times. We show that such density profiles can be well described by the solution of the Euler equations almost everywhere except at the location of the shocks, where we observe slight discrepancies due to dissipation arising from the initial fluctuations of the thermal background. To demonstrate this effect of dissipation analytically, we consider a second initial condition with a single particle at the origin with unit velocity in a thermal background. We find that the probability distribution of the position of the unit velocity quasi-particle has diffusive spreading which can be understood from the solution of the Navier-Stokes equation of the hard rods. Finally, we consider an initial condition with a spread in velocity distribution for which we show convergence to GGE. Our conclusions are based on molecular dynamics simulations supported by analytical arguments.