Exploring Graph Neural Networks for Indian Legal Judgment Prediction

TL;DR

This paper develops a graph neural network model for Indian legal judgment prediction, leveraging case graph structures and fairness considerations to improve judicial efficiency and address case backlog issues.

Contribution

It introduces a GNN-based approach for legal judgment prediction that incorporates ethical fairness analysis and evaluates various embeddings and graph features.

Findings

Best model achieves 75% macro F1 score on judgment prediction

Link prediction ROC exceeds 80% with XLNet embeddings

Incorporates fairness analysis considering gender and name biases

Abstract

The burdensome impact of a skewed judges-to-cases ratio on the judicial system manifests in an overwhelming backlog of pending cases alongside an ongoing influx of new ones. To tackle this issue and expedite the judicial process, the proposition of an automated system capable of suggesting case outcomes based on factual evidence and precedent from past cases gains significance. This research paper centres on developing a graph neural network-based model to address the Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) problem, recognizing the intrinsic graph structure of judicial cases and making it a binary node classification problem. We explored various embeddings as model features, while nodes such as time nodes and judicial acts were added and pruned to evaluate the model's performance. The study is done while considering the ethical dimension of fairness in these predictions, considering gender and name biases. A link prediction task is also conducted to assess the model's proficiency in anticipating connections between two specified nodes. By harnessing the capabilities of graph neural networks and incorporating fairness analyses, this research aims to contribute insights towards streamlining the adjudication process, enhancing judicial efficiency, and fostering a more equitable legal landscape, ultimately alleviating the strain imposed by mounting case backlogs. Our best-performing model with XLNet pre-trained embeddings as its features gives the macro F1 score of 75% for the LJP task. For link prediction, the same set of features is the best performing giving ROC of more than 80%