Structures and Electronic States of Nickel Rich Oxides for Lithium Ion Batteries

TL;DR

This study presents a new detailed crystal structure of LiNiO2 for lithium-ion batteries, highlighting the importance of supercell choice in simulations and exploring structural and electronic changes upon delithiation and Mn substitution.

Contribution

The paper introduces a refined superstructure model of LiNiO2 and demonstrates its significance in accurately predicting structural and electronic properties of nickel-rich oxides for LIB cathodes.

Findings

New superstructure of LiNiO2 aligns with experimental data

Supercell choice significantly impacts energy calculations

Results explain experimental trends in delithiation and Mn substitution

Abstract

A new superstructure of layered pristine LiNiO2 (LNO) was obtained optimizing a large supercell of the 166 space group, the one observed experimentally by XRD, and relaxing both cell parameters and internal positions. The crystal structure shows size and charge disproportionation of the NiO6 octahedra instead of the Jahn-Teller distortion. The decrease of the internal energy obtained with the structural optimization of the supercell relative to the same structure in its primitive unit cell is much larger than the one obtained by relaxing similarly dimensioned supercells of monoclinic symmetry relative to their primitive unit cells, although the monoclinic phase remains more stable. The Ni-O bond length distribution of the new structure agree well with the experiments. Our results show that the choice of the simulation cell is important for determining the energetics of this class of oxide materials, proposed for cathodes in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). We used this new structure as a template for the study of the structural and electronic changes induced by the delithiation and Mn for Ni cation substitution, originating the solid solutions LiNiyMn(1-y)O2 (LNMO). Our results, surprisingly, agree well with the existing experiments and explain observed trends better than previous studies.