Modelling Non-Condensing Compositional Convection for Applications to Super-Earth and Sub-Neptune Atmospheres

TL;DR

This paper investigates how compositional gradients influence atmospheric convection in exoplanets using 3D simulations, leading to a new convective adjustment scheme for GCMs that accounts for compositional effects.

Contribution

It introduces a novel 3D simulation approach to study non-condensing compositional convection and develops a practical convective adjustment scheme for GCMs.

Findings

Multiple stable end states depend on composition

The new scheme aligns with detailed 3D simulation results

Enhanced GCM modeling of exoplanet atmospheres

Abstract

Compositional convection is atmospheric mixing driven by density variations caused by compositional gradients. Previous studies have suggested that compositional gradients of atmospheric trace species within planetary atmospheres can impact convection and the final atmospheric temperature profile. In this work, we employ 3D convection resolving simulations using Cloud Model 1 (CM1) to gain a fundamental understanding of how compositional variation influences convection and the final atmospheric state of exoplanet atmospheres. We perform 3D initial value problem simulations of non-condensing compositional convection for Earth-Air, $\rm H_2$, and $\rm CO_2$ atmospheres. Conventionally, atmospheric convection is assumed to mix the atmosphere to a final, marginally stable state defined by a unique temperature profile. However, when there is compositional variation within an atmosphere, a continuous family of stable end states is possible, differing in the final state composition profile. Our CM1 simulations are used to determine which of the family of possible compositional end states is selected. Leveraging the results from our CM1 simulations, we develop a dry convective adjustment scheme for use in General Circulation Models (GCMs). This scheme relies on an energy analysis to determine the final adjusted atmospheric state. Our convection scheme produces results that agree with our CM1 simulations and can easily be implemented in GCMs to improve modelling of compositional convection in exoplanet atmospheres.