Some new perspectives on the Kruskal--Szekeres extension with applications to photon surfaces

TL;DR

This paper revisits the Kruskal-Szekeres extension of Schwarzschild spacetime, reformulates the problem as an ODE to analyze regularity across horizons, and applies these insights to photon surfaces near Killing horizons.

Contribution

It introduces a new ODE-based approach to extend Schwarzschild spacetime and analyze photon surfaces beyond the Killing horizon, including non-smooth metrics.

Findings

Kruskal-Szekeres extension is valid for non-degenerate horizons.

Photon surfaces approaching the horizon must cross it.

The ODE approach clarifies regularity conditions across horizons.

Abstract

It is a well-known fact that the Schwarzschild spacetime admits a maximal spacetime extension in null coordinates which extends the exterior Schwarzschild region past the Killing horizon, called the Kruskal-Szekeres extension. This method of extending the Schwarzschild spacetime was later generalized by Brill-Hayward to a class of spacetimes of "profile $h$" across non-degenerate Killing horizons. Circumventing analytical subtleties in their approach, we reconfirm this fact by reformulating the problem as an ODE, and showing that the ODE admits a solution if and only if the naturally arising Killing horizon is non-degenerate. Notably, this approach lends itself to discussing regularity across the horizon for non-smooth metrics. We will discuss applications to the study of photon surfaces, extending results by Cederbaum-Galloway and Cederbaum-Jahns-Vi\v{c}\'{a}nek-Mart\'{i}nez beyond the Killing horizon. In particular, our analysis asserts that photon surfaces approaching the Killing horizon must necessarily cross it.