Automatic Generation of Test Cases based on Bug Reports: a Feasibility Study with Large Language Models

TL;DR

This study explores using large language models to generate executable test cases from bug reports, demonstrating that up to 50% of bugs can be addressed, aiding fault localization and patch validation.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach leveraging LLMs to generate realistic test cases directly from bug reports, bridging a gap in automated test generation.

Findings

ChatGPT can generate executable test cases for up to 50% of Defects4J bugs.

Bug reports can effectively serve as natural inputs for test case generation.

Generated test cases are useful for fault localization and patch validation.

Abstract

Software testing is a core discipline in software engineering where a large array of research results has been produced, notably in the area of automatic test generation. Because existing approaches produce test cases that either can be qualified as simple (e.g. unit tests) or that require precise specifications, most testing procedures still rely on test cases written by humans to form test suites. Such test suites, however, are incomplete: they only cover parts of the project or they are produced after the bug is fixed. Yet, several research challenges, such as automatic program repair, and practitioner processes, build on the assumption that available test suites are sufficient. There is thus a need to break existing barriers in automatic test case generation. While prior work largely focused on random unit testing inputs, we propose to consider generating test cases that realistically represent complex user execution scenarios, which reveal buggy behaviour. Such scenarios are informally described in bug reports, which should therefore be considered as natural inputs for specifying bug-triggering test cases. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of performing this generation by leveraging large language models (LLMs) and using bug reports as inputs. Our experiments include the use of ChatGPT, as an online service, as well as CodeGPT, a code-related pre-trained LLM that was fine-tuned for our task. Overall, we experimentally show that bug reports associated to up to 50% of Defects4J bugs can prompt ChatGPT to generate an executable test case. We show that even new bug reports can indeed be used as input for generating executable test cases. Finally, we report experimental results which confirm that LLM-generated test cases are immediately useful in software engineering tasks such as fault localization as well as patch validation in automated program repair.