Measuring the cosmological 21-cm dipole with 21-cm global experiments

TL;DR

This paper explores the feasibility of detecting the cosmological 21-cm dipole using drift-scan antenna experiments, highlighting the challenges posed by foreground contamination and proposing a global antenna network as a solution.

Contribution

It demonstrates that a global network of dipole antennas can efficiently detect the 21-cm dipole, even with foreground contamination, and discusses the necessary observational strategies.

Findings

At least two antennas at different latitudes are needed to localize the dipole.

Detection requires 10^4 to 10^5 hours of integration depending on foreground complexity.

A global antenna network can detect the dipole in approximately 10^3 hours.

Abstract

A measurement of the 21-cm global signal would be a revealing probe of the Dark Ages, the era of first star formation, and the Epoch of Reionization. It has remained elusive owing to bright galactic and extra-galactic foreground contaminants, coupled with instrumental noise, ionospheric effects, and beam chromaticity. The simultaneous detection of a consistent 21-cm dipole signal alongside the 21-cm global signal would provide confidence in a claimed detection. We use simulated data to investigate the possibility of using drift-scan dipole antenna experiments to achieve a detection of both monopole and dipole. We find that at least two antennae located at different latitudes are required to localise the dipole. In the absence of foregrounds, a total integration time of $\sim 10^4$ hours is required to detect the dipole. With contamination by simple foregrounds, we find that the integration time required increases to $\sim 10^5$ hours. We show that the extraction of the 21-cm dipole from more realistic foregrounds requires a more sophisticated foreground modelling approach. Finally, we motivate a global network of dipole antennae that could reasonably detect the dipole in $\sim 10^3$ hours of integration time.