The Structure Function of Mid-infrared Variability in Low-redshift Active Galactic Nuclei

TL;DR

This study analyzes mid-infrared variability in low-redshift AGNs over a decade, revealing correlations with luminosity, differences between AGN types, and implications for the unification scheme and dust properties.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed characterization of MIR variability in nearby AGNs, linking variability features to AGN luminosity, type, and dust properties, challenging existing unification models.

Findings

Type 1 AGNs show larger MIR variability than type 2.

Variability amplitude inversely correlates with luminosity.

Dust-deficient AGNs exhibit larger variability amplitudes.

Abstract

Using the multi-epoch mid-infrared (MIR) photometry from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer spanning a baseline of $\sim10$ yr, we extensively investigate the MIR variability of nearby active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at $0.15 < z < 0.4$. We find that the ensemble structure function in the W1 band ($3.4\ \mu$m) can be modeled with a broken power law. Type 1 AGNs tend to exhibit larger variability amplitudes than type 2 AGNs, possibly due to the extinction by the torus. The variability amplitude is inversely correlated with the AGN luminosity, consistent with a similar relation known in the optical. Meanwhile, the slope of the power law increases with AGN luminosity. This trend can be attributed to the fact that the inner radius of the torus is proportional to the AGN luminosity, as expected from the size$-$luminosity relation of the torus. Interestingly, low-luminosity type 2 AGNs, unlike low-luminosity type 1 AGNs, tend to exhibit smaller variability amplitude than do high-luminosity AGNs. We argue that either low-luminosity type 2 AGNs have distinctive central structures due to their low luminosity or their MIR brightness is contaminated by emission from the cold dust in the host galaxy. Our findings suggest that the AGN unification scheme may need to be revised. We find that the variability amplitude of dust-deficient AGNs is systematically larger than that of normal AGNs, supporting the notion that the hot and warm dust in dust-deficient AGNs may be destroyed and reformed according to the strength of the ultraviolet radiation from the accretion disk.