Predicting the Splash of a Drop Impacting a Thin Liquid Film

TL;DR

This study experimentally investigates the conditions under which a drop impacting a thin liquid film causes either splash or deposition, developing an empirical model to predict splash thresholds based on liquid properties and impact parameters.

Contribution

The paper introduces an empirical correlation for splash prediction during drop impact on thin films, validated against experimental data across various liquids and impact conditions.

Findings

Splash threshold depends on drop size, velocity, and liquid properties.

Inertial, viscous, and capillary forces influence splash outcomes.

The correlation accurately predicts splash/no-splash boundaries.

Abstract

In most spray coating and deposition applications, the target surface may be initially dry but with continuous drop impact a thin layer of liquid film is formed on which further impingement occurs. An experimental study of the process of drop impact on a thin stagnant film of the same liquid and the subsequent drop-film interactions is carried out. The impacting drop results in either liquid deposition or it can cause prompt or delayed splash. Deposition occurs when the drop merges with the liquid film without generating secondary drops. Splash results in the production of secondary drops either at the instant of impact (prompt splash) or through a delayed break-up of the rim of the crown formed as a result of the impact (delayed splash). Experiments are conducted to characterize the phenomena using five different Newtonian liquids and by varying drop impact diameter and velocity. The liquids are chosen so as to cover a wide range of liquid properties (viscosity and surface tension). A high-speed digital camera is used to capture the drop impact dynamics. The threshold of splashing is found to be related to drop size, impact velocity, liquid properties and thin film thickness. Experimental analysis of the significance of inertial, viscous and capillary forces in determining the splash and no-splash (or deposition) boundary helps in establishing an empirical correlation for the same. The splash and no-splash outcomes predicted by the proposed correlation agree well with experimental data available in the literature.