Experimental techniques for evaluating the performance of high-blockage cross-flow turbine arrays

TL;DR

This study compares experimental methods for evaluating how blockage ratio affects the performance of cross-flow turbine arrays in confined flows, providing insights into optimal testing approaches and performance limits.

Contribution

It introduces and compares two experimental approaches to study blockage effects on turbine arrays, recommending a fixed array area with variable channel area method for clearer results.

Findings

Performance increases with higher blockage ratios, exceeding the Betz limit.

Both experimental approaches show similar trends, but differ at high blockage and tip-speed ratios.

The fixed array area with variable channel area method is preferred for isolating blockage effects.

Abstract

In confined flows, such as river or tidal channels, arrays of turbines can convert both the kinetic and potential energy of the flow into renewable power. The power conversion and loading characteristics of an array in a confined flow is a function of the blockage ratio, defined as the ratio of the array's projected area to the channel cross-sectional area. In this work, we explore experimental methods for studying the effects of the blockage ratio on turbine performance while holding other variables constant. Two distinct methods are considered: one in which the array area is held constant and the channel area is varied, and another in which the array area is varied and the channel area is held constant. Using both approaches, the performance of a laboratory cross-flow turbine array in a water tunnel is evaluated at blockage ratios ranging from 30% to 60%. As the blockage ratio is increased, the coefficient of performance increases, eventually exceeding the Betz limit and unity. While similar trends are observed with both experimental approaches, at high blockage and high tip-speed ratios, the values of the performance and force coefficients are found to depend on the experimental approach. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed. Ultimately, we recommend investigating blockage effects using a fixed array area and variable channel area, as this approach does not convolve blockage effects with interactions between the turbine blades and support structures.