In-orbit background and sky survey simulation study of POLAR-2/LPD

TL;DR

This study simulates the in-orbit background and sky survey conditions for POLAR-2's LPD instrument, identifying primary background sources and evaluating their impact on soft X-ray polarization measurements in space.

Contribution

It provides detailed GEANT4-based simulations of background components for POLAR-2/LPD, offering insights into background contributions and their dependence on orbit and pointing.

Findings

Main background sources are cosmic X-ray background and bright X-ray sources.

Total background count rate is approximately 0.55 counts/cm^2/s after rejection algorithms.

Background characteristics vary with orbit and detector pointing.

Abstract

The Low-Energy X-ray Polarization Detector (LPD) is one of the payloads in the POLAR-2 experiment, designed as an external payload for the China Space Station (CSS) deployment in early 2024. LPD is specifically designed to observe the polarization of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) prompt emission in the energy range of 2-10 keV, with a wide field of view (FoV) of 90 degrees in preliminary design. This observation is achieved using an array of X-ray photoelectric polarimeters based on gas pixel detectors. Due to the wide FoV configuration, the in-orbit background count rate in the soft X-ray range is high, while GRBs themselves also exhibit a high flux in this energy band. In order to assess the contribution of various background components to the total count rate, we conducted detailed simulations using the GEANT4 C++ package. Our simulations encompassed the main interactions within the instrument materials and provided insights into various background components within the wide FoV scheme. The simulation results reveal that among the background components, the primary contributors are the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) and bright X-ray sources. The total background count rate of LPD, after applying the charged particle background rejection algorithm, is approximately 0.55 counts/cm^2/s on average, and it varies with the detector's orbit and pointing direction. Furthermore, we performed comprehensive simulations and comparative analyses of the CXB and X-ray bright sources under different FoVs and detector pointings. These analyses provide valuable insights into the background characteristic for soft X-ray polarimeter with wide FoV.