Unraveling active baths through their hidden degrees of freedom

TL;DR

This paper investigates how active baths influence probe particles, revealing that entropic degrees of freedom with non-reciprocal interactions uniquely affect entropy production, and emphasizes the importance of considering these DOFs for thermodynamic consistency.

Contribution

It demonstrates that entropic degrees of freedom in active baths alter entropy production and are crucial for understanding effective probe dynamics, highlighting the limitations of coarse-graining.

Findings

Entropic DOFs exhibit non-reciprocal interactions with probes.

Integrating out entropic DOFs changes entropy production.

Non-entropic DOFs do not affect entropy production.

Abstract

The dynamics of a probe particle is highly influenced by the nature of the bath in which it is immersed. In particular, baths composed by active (e.g., self-propelled) particles induce intriguing out-of-equilibrium effects on tracer's motion that are customarily described by integrating out the dynamics of the bath's degrees of freedom (DOFs). However, thermodynamic quantities, such as the entropy production rate, are generally severely affected by coarse-graining procedures. Here, we show that active baths are associated with the presence of entropic DOFs exhibiting non-reciprocal interactions with a probe particle. Surprisingly, integrating out these DOFs inevitably results into a system-dependent increase or reduction of the entropy production rate. On the contrary, it stays invariant after integrating out non-entropic DOFs. As a consequence, they determine the dimensionality of isoentropic hypersurfaces in the parameter space. Our results shed light on the nature of active baths, revealing that the presence of a typical correlation time-scale is not a sufficient condition to have non-equilibrium effects on a probe particle, and draws a path towards the understanding of thermodynamically-consistent procedures to derive effective dynamics of observed DOFs.