Analytical electron microscopy analysis of insulating and metallic phases in nanostructured vanadium dioxide

TL;DR

This study uses advanced electron microscopy and spectroscopy to analyze the microscopic structural and electronic properties of VO₂ nanostructures, revealing how inhomogeneities affect its insulator-metal transition and optical behavior.

Contribution

It provides a detailed microscopic analysis of VO₂ phases, combining experimental and computational methods to understand inhomogeneities and their impact on properties.

Findings

Structural inhomogeneities do not impair VO₂ optical properties.

Thinner regions show reduced vanadium oxidation states.

IMT signatures are detectable in thicker VO₂ areas during in-situ heating.

Abstract

Vanadium dioxide (VO$_2$) is a strongly-correlated material that exhibits insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) near room temperature, which makes it a promising candidate for applications in nanophotonics or optoelectronics. However, creating VO$_2$ nanostructures with the desired functionality can be challenging due to microscopic inhomogeneities that can significantly impact the local optical and electronic properties. Thin lamellas, produced by focused ion beam milling from a homogeneous layer, provide a useful prototype for studying VO$_2$ at the truly microscopic level using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). High-resolution imaging is used to identify structural inhomogeneities while electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) supported by statistical analysis helps to detect V$_x$O$_y$ stoichiometries with a reduced oxidation number of vanadium at the areas of thickness below 70 nm. On the other hand, the thicker areas are dominated by vanadium dioxide, where the signatures of IMT are detected in both core-loss and low-loss EELS experiments with in-situ heating. The experimental results are interpreted with ab-initio and semi-classical calculations. This work shows that structural inhomogeneities such as pores and cracks present no harm to the desired optical properties of VO$_2$ samples.