Small Molecules, Big Impact: A tale of hydrides past, present, and future

TL;DR

Hydrides are small molecules crucial in interstellar chemistry, serving as tracers and reservoirs in diffuse clouds, with recent discoveries revealing their significant role and future research potential in astrochemistry.

Contribution

This review highlights recent advances and ongoing mysteries in hydride observations, emphasizing their importance in understanding interstellar medium chemistry and stellar evolution.

Findings

Hydrides serve as tracers of interstellar medium phases.

Recent discoveries reveal complex chemical roles of hydrides.

Hydrides are key to understanding stellar gas life-cycle.

Abstract

Formed at an early stage of gas-phase ion-molecule chemistry, hydrides -- molecules containing a heavy element covalently bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms -- play an important role in interstellar chemistry as they are the progenitors of larger and more complex species in the interstellar medium. In recent years, the careful analysis of the spectral signatures of hydrides have led to their use as tracers of different constituents, and phases of the interstellar medium and in particular the more diffuse environments. Diffuse clouds form an essential link in the stellar gas life-cycle as they connect both the late and early stages of stellar evolution. As a result, diffuse clouds are continuously replenished by material which makes them reservoirs for heavy elements and hence ideal laboratories for the study of astrochemistry. This review will journey through a renaissance of hydride observations detailing puzzling hydride discoveries and chemical mysteries with special focus carbon-bearing hydrides to demonstrate the big impact of these small molecules and ending with remarks on the future of their studies.