Quantum Multiplier Based on Exponent Adder

TL;DR

The paper introduces QMbead, a quantum multiplier that uses exponent encoding and quantum addition to efficiently multiply large numbers with low complexity, outperforming existing quantum methods and matching classical algorithms in speed.

Contribution

Proposes QMbead, a novel quantum multiplication approach utilizing exponent encoding and quantum adders, with improved circuit depth and complexity over prior quantum multipliers.

Findings

Uses $ ext{O}( log n)$ circuit depth with QCLA adder.

Achieves $ ext{O}(n)$ gate complexity, better than existing quantum multipliers.

Successfully implemented for up to 273-bit numbers on quantum simulators.

Abstract

Quantum multiplication is a fundamental operation in quantum computing. It is important to have a quantum multiplier with low complexity. In this paper, we propose the Quantum Multiplier Based on Exponent Adder (QMbead), a new approach that requires just $\log_2(n)$ qubits to multiply two $n$-bit integer numbers, in addition to $O(n)$ ancillary qubits used for quantum state preparation. The QMbead uses a so-called exponent encoding to respectively represent two multiplicands as two superposition states which are prepared by a quantum state preparation method, then employs a quantum adder to obtain the sum of these two superposition states, and subsequently measures the outputs of the quantum adder to calculate the product of the multiplicands. Different quantum adders can be used in the QMbead. The circuit depth and time complexity of the QMbead, using a logarithmic-depth quantum carry lookahead adder (QCLA) as adder, are $O(\log n)$ and $O(n \log n)$, respectively. The gate complexity of the QMbead is $O(n)$. The circuit depth and gate complexity of the QMbead is better than existing quantum multipliers such as the quantum Karatsuba multiplier and the QFT based multiplier. The time complexity of the QMbead is identical to that of the fastest classical multiplication algorithm, Harvey-Hoeven algorithm. Interestingly, the QMbead maintains an advantage over the Harvey-Hoeven algorithm, given that the latter is only suitable for excessively large numbers, whereas the QMbead is valid for both small and large numbers. The multiplicand can be either an integer or a decimal number. The QMbead has been implemented on quantum simulators to compute products with a bit length of up to 273 bits using only 17 qubits, excluding the ancillary qubits used for quantum state preparation. This establishes QMbead as an efficient solution for multiplying large integer or decimal numbers with many bits.