Quantum computation of $\pi \to \pi^*$ and $n \to \pi^*$ excited states of aromatic heterocycles

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the use of IBM quantum computers to simulate excited electronic states of aromatic heterocycles, employing novel qubit reduction and error mitigation techniques to explore organic molecule properties.

Contribution

It introduces the entanglement forging method for ground state approximation and applies quantum subspace expansion to excited states on real quantum hardware.

Findings

Successful simulation of excited states on up to 8 qubits

Implementation of error mitigation techniques

Outline of challenges for future quantum simulations

Abstract

The computation of excited electronic states is an important application for quantum computers. In this work, we simulate the excited state spectra of four aromatic heterocycles on IBM superconducting quantum computers, focusing on active spaces of $\pi \to \pi^*$ and $n \to \pi^*$ excitations. We approximate the ground state with the entanglement forging method, a qubit reduction technique that maps a spatial orbital to a single qubit, rather than two qubits. We then determine excited states using the quantum subspace expansion method. We showcase these algorithms on quantum hardware using up to 8 qubits and employing readout and gate error mitigation techniques. Our results demonstrate a successful application of quantum computing in the simulation of active-space electronic wavefunctions of substituted aromatic heterocycles, and outline challenges to be overcome in elucidating the optical properties of organic molecules with hybrid quantum-classical algorithms.